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The number or rate of cases is plotted over time. The vertical or y-axis usually shows the number or rate of cases the horizontal or x-axis shows the time periods such as years, months, or days. Time data are usually displayed with a two-dimensional graph. In either situation, displaying the patterns of disease occurrence by time is critical for monitoring disease occurrence in the community and for assessing whether the public health interventions made a difference. For diseases that occur sporadically, investigators can conduct studies to identify the causes and modes of spread, and then develop appropriately targeted actions to control or prevent further occurrence of the disease. For diseases that occur seasonally, health officials can anticipate their occurrence and implement control and prevention measures, such as an influenza vaccination campaign or mosquito spraying. In contrast, diseases such as hepatitis B and salmonellosis can occur at any time. Two diseases that occur during the same season each year include influenza (winter) and West Nile virus infection (August–September). Some of these changes occur regularly, while others are unpredictable. The occurrence of disease changes over time. This information in turn provides important clues to the causes of the disease, and these clues can be turned into testable hypotheses. Fourth, the epidemiologist can identify areas or groups within the population that have high rates of disease.Third, the epidemiologist creates a detailed description of the health of a population that can be easily communicated with tables, graphs, and maps.Second, the epidemiologist learns the extent and pattern of the public health problem being investigated - which months, which neighborhoods, and which groups of people have the most and least cases.
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He or she can see what the data can or cannot reveal based on the variables available, its limitations (for example, the number of records with missing information for each important variable), and its eccentricities (for example, all cases range in age from 2 months to 6 years, plus one 17-year-old.). First, by looking at the data carefully, the epidemiologist becomes very familiar with the data.Descriptive epidemiology covers time, place, and person.Ĭompiling and analyzing data by time, place, and person is desirable for several reasons. However, epidemiologists tend to use synonyms for the five W’s listed above: case definition, person, place, time, and causes/risk factors/modes of transmission. Epidemiologists strive for similar comprehensiveness in characterizing an epidemiologic event, whether it be a pandemic of influenza or a local increase in all-terrain vehicle crashes. Why/how = causes, risk factors, modes of transmissionĪs noted earlier, every novice newspaper reporter is taught that a story is incomplete if it does not describe the what, who, where, when, and why/how of a situation, whether it be a space shuttle launch or a house fire.
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